Unit 3

Grammar 1:                                                                                         Present Perfect Simple

1.      Definition of the present perfect tense:

The present perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.

2.      Forming the Present Perfect:

The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb have and the past participle of a verb.The past participle of a regular verb is VERB+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked. For irregular verbs, see the Table of irregular verbs in your book.

Affirmative Form :

Subject

to have

past participle

She

has

visited.

Negative Form :

Subject

to have + not

past participle

She

has not (hasn't)

visited.

Interrogative Form :

to have

subject

past participle

Has

she

visited?

Negative interrogative Form :

to have + not

subject

past participle

Hasn't

she

visited?


Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I have walked

I haven't walked

Have I walked?

You have walked

You haven't walked.

Have you walked?

He, she, it has walked

He, she, hasn't walked

Has he, she, it walked?

We have walked

We haven't walked

Have we walked?

You have walked

You haven't walked

Have you walked?

They have walked

They haven't walked

Have they walked?

1.      The Present Perfect is used to describe

A.    Actions started in the past and continuing in the present

·         They haven't lived here for years.

·         She has worked in the bank for five years.

·         We have had the same car for ten years.

·         Have you played the piano since you were a child?

B.     When the time period referred to has not finished

·         I have worked hard this week.

·         It has rained a lot this year.

·         We haven't seen her today.

C.    Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now.

·         They have seen that film six times

·         It has happened several times already.

·         She has visited them frequently.

·         We have eaten at that restaurant many times.

D.    Actions completed in the very recent past (+just)

·         Have you just finished work?

·         I have just eaten.

·         We have just seen her.

·         Has he just left?

E.     When the precise time of the action is not important or not known

·         Someone has eaten my soup!

·         Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?

·         She's studied Japanese, Russian, and English.

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