Unit 7:                                                                                                Citizenship

Grammar:                                                                                       REPORTED SPEECH

Direct and indirect (or reported) speech.

Introduction

There are two ways of relating what a person has said: direct and indirect. In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words:

He said, “I have lost my umbrella.”

Remarks thus repeated are placed between inverted commas, and a comma is placed immediately before the remark. Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in plays and in quotations.

In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using the speaker’s exact words:

He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.

There is no comma after say in indirect speech. that can usually be omitted after say and tell + object. But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc.

When the reporting verb is in the present (says, asks, thinks, believe…), “NO CHANGES” are introduced into the TENSE of the indirect statement.

Example: “Education played an important role in my life”, he sayS. He says that education played an important role in his life.

When the reporting verb is in the past (said, believed, told…), “CHANGES” are usually necessary:

1.      Change of pronouns.

2.      Change of Tenses.

3.      Change of Situations.

4.      Change of Adverbs.

5.      Questions and answers.

6.      Actions : promises, orders, requests, advice..

7.      Modal verbs.

Print the rest of the course, DON'T copy it)

DIRECT SPEECH                                   Statementàs			REPORTED SPEECH
Present simple “I am a ssttuuddeenntt”, He said.		à	Past simple He said (that) he was a student.
Present continuous “ I am coming”, She said.		à	Past continuous She told me she was coming
Past simple “Jack broke his leg yesterday”,		à	Past perfect He said that Jack had broken his leg the day before.
Present perfect “I haven’t seen the film yet”.		à	Past perfect He said that he hadn’t seen the film yet.
Past continuous “She was trying to be humorous”.		à	Past perfect continuous He told me that she had been trying to be humorous
Future: “Will” “I will win this gamee”, HHee ttoolldd mmee..		à	‘Would’ He told me that he would win that game.
Future: “be going to” “I am going to visit my grandmotheerr”		à	Was/ were going to She said that she was going to visit her grandmother.
MODALS	Can : “I can swim like a fish” hhee said.	à	Could: He said that he could swim like a fish
	May	à	Might
	Must	à	Had to
	Have to	à	Had to
	Should/ Could/ might/had to	à	Should/Could/might/had to *NO CHANGE

DIRECT SPEECH                                   Statemen		tàs	REPORTED SPEECH
Present simple “I am a student”, He said.		à	Past simple He said (that) he was a student.
Present continuous “ I am coming”, She said.		à	Past continuous She told me she was coming
Past simple “Jack broke his leg yesterday”,		à	Past perfect He said that Jack had broken his leg the day before.
Present perfect “I haven’t seen the film yet”.		à	Past perfect He said that he hadn’t seen the film yet.
Past continuous “She was trying to be humorous”.		à	Past perfect continuous He told me that she had been trying to be humorous
Future: “Will” “I will win this game”, He told me.		à	‘Would’ He told me that he would win that game.
Future: “be going to” “I am going to visit my grandmother”		à	Was/ were going to She said that she was going to visit her grandmother.
MODALS	Can : “I can swim like a fish” he said.	à	Could: He said that he could swim like a fish
	May	à	Might
	Must	à	Had to
	Have to	à	Had to
	Should/ Could/ might/had to	à	Should/Could/might/had to *NO CHANGE

	Commands, Advice, Request, Warning etc.
DIRECT SPEECH			RPORTED SPEECH
Command (order)		“Open thee ddoooorr!!” hhiiss ffaatthheerr ordered him.	His father ordered him to open the door.
Advice		“Yoouu should give up smoking”, he aaddvviisseedd mmee..	He advised me to give up smoking.
Request		“Please, send me some money”, the lady asked us.	The lady asked us to send her some money.
Warning		“Don’t tell anyone this secret!”, She warned me.	She warned me not to tell anyone that secret.
Apology		-  “I ccan’t attend the wedding. I am sorry!”. He said. à -  “I couldn’t attend your wedding. I am sorry!”. He said.                                   à	ü He apologized for not being able to attend the wedding. (present or future)   ü He apologized for not attending my wedding. (in the past)
Promise		“I’ll sseenndd you my aadddress”. She promised.	She promised to send me her address.

Pronouns Changes			I	à		he / she	You		à	I/We/he/she
			my	à		his /her	Your		à	My/his/her/our/their
			we	à		they	Mine		à	His/her
	Time and Place words Changes	now	à		then			here		à	there
		this	à		that			today		à	that day
		these	à		those			yesterday à			the day before
		tonight	à		that night			tomorrow à			the next day
		next week à			the following week			ago		à	before
		last year	à		the year before/  the previous year

Questions
DIRECT SPEECH		REPORTED SPEECH
Yes / No Questions	“Are you a student?”, He asked me.	He asked me If I was a student.
	“Do you live here?”, she wanted to know.	She wanted to know If I lived there.
Wh- Questions	“Where does she live? The old man wanted to know.	The old man wanted to know where she lived.
	“Why was the girl crying?”, the woman wondered.	The woman wondered why the girl had been crying.
	“When are you leaving?”, she asked me.	She asked me when I was leaving.
Modals	“Can you swim now?”, He wanted to know.	He wanted to know If I could swim then.
	“Will you come tomorrow?”, She asked me.	She asked me If I would come the following/next day.